Policy Process Essay Sample free essay sample

In the concern universe or political. policy devising is neer an easy undertaking. Policy doing procedure goes through five different phases before an thought is implemented and so it is either altered or solidified to go an enacted policy. The system policy-makers use provides cheques and balances that keep those in leading functions from possessing excessively much control over the policy-making procedure. The treatment will sketch the complete procedure of how a subject becomes a policy through the preparation. legislative. and execution phases. Formulation Phase The end of wellness attention policy is to advance and protect the wellness of the community and persons. This nonsubjective can be accomplished by authorities functionaries in ways that will esteem human rights. including privateness. nondiscrimination. and self-government ( Gostin. n. d. ) . The United States is a extremely complicated and diverse society. Indeed. wellness policies are weighed in by many groups ( Gostin. n. d. ) . Policymaking organic structures and groups that seek to act upon policies make it impossible to offer a comprehensive and systematic analysis of wellness policy preparation ( Gostin. We will write a custom essay sample on Policy Process Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page n. d. ) . However. the factors in developing sound wellness policies are the policies themselves. and they should non be subjected to scientific examination ( Gostin. n. d. ) . Furthermore. whether Americans seek to reform the wellness attention system. expand or curtail women’s picks to abort a kid. or to authorise or criminalize doctors who assist in a patient’s decease. society does non hold any precise manner in which to prove for the right attack ( Gostin. n. d. ) . Decisions on wellness policy reflect the picks between the appraisal of available informations and viing informations. Organizations stand foring. including involvement groups stand foring assorted wellness attention professionals. measure informations. and choose his or her values through his or her ain lenses. Therefore. groups comprised of well-meaning and extremely adept professionals frequently make different determinations about wellness policy. Framework is needed for authorities functionaries to develop a sound wellness policy. Developing a sound wellness policy has many factors. First. policy shapers should be cold-eyed and nonsubjective. Indeed. no struggle of involvement. professional inducements. or improper fiscal. Policymakers should understand the statements. informations presented to measure the policies objectively and moderately every bit good as balance viing values reasonably Gostin. n. vitamin D ) . Policymakers do non hold to be experts every bit long as they ha ve entree to expert advice. Second. answerability is besides of import for policy-makers determination devising. Third. determination shapers should be positioned to have and able to measure information objectively on facets of the wellness policy ( Gostin. n. d. ) . Although authorities entities may hold entree to a great trade of information. measuring the dependability of that information may be complicated ( Gostin. n. d. ) . It is in the best involvement of policy shapers to hold entree to objective and complete information from sensible and impersonal beginnings ( Gostin. n. d. ) . To develop sound wellness policies. determination shapers may seek information from one or several nonsubjective beginnings. Fourth. good considered standards for doing determinations aid policymakers in explicating ends. and set uping the scientific. societal. and choosing agencies of ethical parametric quantities for determination devising. Policymakers should utilize the undermentioned stairss for a guideline. * Policymakers should analyze the public involvement to find if the proposed policies. Seek to acco mplish a wellness aim. Besides define the wellness intent of the policy. * Policymakers should analyze the effectivity of the policy by garnering scientific informations to find if the policy will be effectual in accomplishing the end ( s ) . * Policymakers should measure if the policy is well-targeted on the wellness job and tailored to turn to the particular job. Legislation Phase Ideas are hammered into policies before given to Congress. Legislations begin with constructs and thoughts. Concepts and thoughts can come from many beginnings. Legislative is the procedure of authorities by which measures are considered and Torahs are enacted ( Dykes. 2009 ) . Legislative procedure is as follows. Bills are introduced into the senate house of representatives or the province senate. The Legislator who introduces the measure may do little comments refering the measure that is introduced ( Dykes. 2009 ) . The comments are recorded in the Senate Journal. Afterwards the measure is assigned to the commission of congressional. To roll up information about the bill’s subject the commission holds a hearing ( Dykes. 2009 ) . Analysis and studies of the measure is considered by the commission and voted on. During this procedure the commission may replace or amend the measure with another measure ( Dykes. 2009 ) . If the measure is recommended by the commission it is sent to the House of Senate to be debated and voted on. To do the measure more appealing to the legislators it may be amended on the floor ( Dykes. 2009 ) . The Senate and House ballot on the measure. The ballots are recorded in the Senate Journal. If the Senate and the House passes the measure. it is sent to the other chamber of legislative for consideration ( Dykes. 2009 ) . If the other legislative chamber does non do any alterations and passes the indistinguishable version of the measure. the measure is sent to the president for reappraisal ( Dykes. 2009 ) . The President can subscribe the measure into jurisprudence or veto it. If the measure is vetoed. Congress can try to overrule the President’s veto ( Dykes. 2009 ) . In the Senate and the House this takes two-thirds ballot. After the President marks the measure or Congress overrides a veto. the measure becomes a jurisprudence officially. The measure is assigned an official jurisprudence figure and is listed as portion of United States Code ( Dykes. 2009 ) . Definitions and footings used by legislative. Appropriation- Without an one-year appropriation a plan or federal bureau can non run. Bill- the papers outlines a proposal by a legislative to either alteration bing jurisprudence by modifying. canceling. or adding current Torahs or fund appropriation. Committee- Members of a group that are assigned a set of duties. Earmark- when Congress has direct support to a specific entity in appropriations measure. Filibuster- Senator efforts to get the better of a measure by speaking indefinitely. and forestalling the Senate from voting on it. Germane- Means it is pertinent to the capable affair. Table- Means the measure is dead and will non go jurisprudence ( Dykes. 2009 ) . Execution Phase The execution procedure of a policy represents the phase where the authorities executes an adoptive policy specified by the statute law action ( Theodoulou A ; Kofinis. 2004 ) . Assorted authoritiess sections and bureaus at this phase are responsible for the several country of the policy are besides officially made responsible for the execution phase ( Theodoulou A ; Kofinis. 2004 ) . The execution phase is what happens after the measure becomes jurisprudence. After the authorities legitimizes the jurisprudence or ordinance. the conditions of that policy have to be put into action to convey about the alteration desired by the policy shapers ( Theodoulou A ; Kofinis. 2004 ) . The authorities executives designate the duty of the new policy to the authorities bureau ( Theodoulou A ; Kofinis. 2004 ) . The authorities bureau is given the authorization to guarantee the new policy is carried out as intended. but this does non ever go on ( Theodoulou A ; Kofinis. 2004 ) . Policies are i mplemented to consequence some alteration in the behaviour of a population mark. and it is the premise of some of the alteration will do the job better. Therefore. if the judicial admission of the policy is non carried out the job will go on to prevail ( Theodoulou A ; Kofinis. 2004 ) . Immediately after the philosophy of the new policy is implemented. the policy is evaluated in item to find if the consequences are obtained and if non. why non and what else needs to be changed. Government bureaus private contractors included are responsible for the execution of a policy. No affair how good formulated. good intentioned or supported universally in the acceptance stage of the policy procedure. a policy can non get down to work out a specific public job until person implements it ( Theodoulou A ; Kofinis. 2004 ) . Typically. each a policy includes a design of how the populace job will be resolved. The design defines in changing inside informations the policy end ( s ) . the bureau responsible for the execution of the policy. the instruments of the policy that will be used. the targeted population every bit good as the timetables ( Theo doulou A ; Kofinis. 2004 ) . The ground for the policy design is to do certain the right sets of instruments are matched with the identified job. and finally work outing the job ( Theodoulou A ; Kofinis. 2004 ) . Decision The system policy-makers use provides cheques and balances that keep those in leading functions from holding excessively much control over the policy-making procedure. Policy doing procedure normally goes through five different phases before an thought is implemented and it is either altered or solidified to go an enacted policy. The factors that are of import in developing sound wellness policies are the policies themselves. and they should non be subjected to scientific examination. The Legislative is the procedure of authorities by which measures are considered and Torahs are enacted. The execution procedure of a policy represents the phase where the authorities executes an adoptive policy that is specified by the statute law action. This phase of the procedure is how a measure becomes jurisprudence. Mentions Dykes. C. ( 2009 ) . Legislative History Research. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. jurisprudence. uh. edu/libraries/Publications/ResearchGuides/texasleghistory. htm Gostin. L. ( n. vitamin D ) . The Formulation of Health Policy by the Three Branches of Government. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sleep. edu/openbook. php? record_id=4771 A ; page=335 Theodoulou. S. Z. ( 2004 A ; Kofinis. C. ( 2004 ) Public Policy-Making: Execution. Evaluation. Change and Termination. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //courses. worldcampus. psu. edu/welcome/plsc490/print. hypertext markup language

Duty and desire in Jane Eyre Essay Example

Duty and desire in Jane Eyre Essay Example Duty and desire in Jane Eyre Paper Duty and desire in Jane Eyre Paper How is the conflict between duty and desire explored in these texts? Desire is a term conveying a longing for a certain object, person or outcome. It is an emotion from the heart and is unaffected by social opinion. Duty, in contrast, is a moral obligation to an act, which is perceived to be selfless. The decisions made regarding these emotions are significant throughout Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea. However, these definitions were more extreme during the time that Bronti and Rhys texts were written. In the 19th century, it was considered a completely selfish act for women to show desire, it was a vulgar emotion that women were expected to control and conceal. The female role during the 1800s was limited; they were expected to be passive and were passed from father to husband, similar to a possession. To perform ones duty to society was regarded as an unspoken rule imposed on all women, therefore, women never truly had the chance to express their true identity or gain real independence. The 19th century conflict between duty and desire was a key topic written about by many authors, predominately women, who illustrated personal experiences and beliefs through the characters and their decisions. In both Brontes and Rhys novels the authors illustrate the limitations imposed on women, societys views and expectations concerning the conflict, and the importance of finding the balance between the duty and desire. The life path of women living in the 19th century was largely dictated by Victorian society and was limited both in its direction and expression of individuality. Victorian women were forced to conform to the ideologies of patriarchal society and so duties were imposed on them; many of which repressed their desire. In Jane Eyre, though Janes character is very passionate, she adheres to the Victorian morality, in which passion and emotion were kept concealed. Jane learns to become dutiful and to control her passion at Lowood and through the preaching of Helen Burns. However, Bronti shows recognition of the female struggle through Janes character, who recognises that Millions are condemned to a stiller doom, acknowledging the oppression felt by women across the nation. In the same paragraph Jane expresses the general female opinion stating women who are supposed to be very calm feel just the way men feel, that women too need exercise of faculties and when this is not given, like men would, they suffer from too rigid a restraint. In this section Bronte employs challenging and political language, such as revolt, rebellions and the consistent mention of restraint to portray the powerful struggle Victorian women experienced. Bronti experienced the same struggle when trying to publish her novel. She realised that it would be impossible for a woman to publish such a controversial book as Jane Eyre in the patriarchal society she was living in. Therefore, she felt obliged to publish under the pseudonym of Currel Bell. In contrast to Jane, the character of Antoinette in Wide Sargasso Sea is extremely passive. Antoinette losses all sense of self by allowing society, (Rochester), to compress her desires and so she becomes completely dependent on others. Rochester symbolizes patriarchal society when he imposes an entirely new identity on Antoinette, by renaming her Bertha. Her lack of self is illustrated when she realises she will have no one to depend on; what will be come of me? . To this Christophine replies Get up, girl Woman must have spunks to live in this wicked world. Rhys choice of language is significant; Get up, must, shows that Christophine is a strong woman who is able to give an order, symbolizing the power of women within the patriarchal society. Christophine describes the world as wicked and believes this is because it seems to be ruled by oppressing, hypocritical men. This adjective allows Rhy to portray her view of 19th century society and allows the reader to feel empathy for women living during this time. When reading Wide Sargasso Sea, Bront , and the reader would agree with and admire Christophines view. Here also, parallels can be seen between Jane and Christophine, who are both portrayed as strong independent women. The contrast between Antoinettes and Janes characters emphasises Janes moral courage and enhances the readers admiration for her character. During the 1800s female desire was viewed by the patriarchal society as evil. This is highlighted in Jane Eyre when Jane, as child, is forbidden from expressing herself. Janes instinct for asserting herself was stifled, at a young age and so could only be expressed through defiance. Mrs Reed symbolizes societys view of female passion by likening Janes traits to those of the devil and this is reiterated by Bessie who describes Janes passion as wickedness. After acting out Jane is given time in the red room to reflect, here she compares herself to a rebel slave and she realises that she had acted as if poisoned, illustrating that Jane is starting to comprehend Mrs Reeds narrow minded view. Helen Burns describes to Jane the evil consequences that result from not being dutiful and says the bible teaches us to return good for evil. Through the opinions of Bessie and Helen Burns, Bronti interestingly portrays how societys view on desire had become ingrained within the female consciousness and how Jane may feel betrayed by other female characters. The view that desire may be linked with the devil is explored in Wide Sargasso Sea as Rochester often describes Bertha like a devil with uncombed hair and eyes which were inflamed. It is suggested that because Antoinette, gives in completely to desire, Rochester is no longer able to understand her and so imposes a new identity, stating Bertha Mason is mad. This is reinforced when Christophine provides an explanation for Antoinettes mothers madness; they tell her she is mad, as though an identity has been forced upon her. Rhys illustrates that society found it impossible to accept a female who did not fit the social paradigm of a perfect woman and in doing so, the reader dislikes Rochester and sympathises with Antoinette.

Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fundamentals of Macroeconomics - Essay Example GDP is mainly applied in determining the stability of a country’s economy. Calculations of gross domestic product are commonly done using the expenditure method, which adds total consumption, investment, government spending and net exports (Dolan, 2010). Real gross domestic product refers to gross domestic product evaluated based on the prevailing market prices in a given year. Real GDP can also be regarded as inflation corrected gross domestic product. Real GDP has the capability to indicate changes in the price level with a high accuracy compared to nominal gross domestic product (Dolan, 2010). This refers to the gross domestic product figure that has not received any adjustments on inflation. It is also the value of services as well as goods produced in a given country after the final stage of production. Increased purchase of groceries by households is a clear indicator of their improved economic status. This fact enhances growth of existing businesses as well as the emergence of new investments. In such a situation, the government benefits from increased tax collections obtained from value added tax and taxation from investments (Dolan, 2010). This refers to the reduction of the number of people under employment in a given country. The implications of undertaking such a step include negative impacts on the government, households, and businesses. Massive layoff of employees means that a large number of people within a country will have a reduced purchasing power. In such situations, household living standards will come down; businesses will close down due to low purchases, and government’s revenue collection will go down. Economically stable citizens within a country comprise a key pillar of a country’s economy (Dolan, 2010). Revenues generated from taxation are the principal financers of the government budget. Therefore, a decrease in taxes implies that the government will strain in meeting its expenditures. On the other